Objective To investigate the density distribution and seasonal variation of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Aedes albopictus in different habitats in Tianshui, Gansu province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of mosquitoes and related infectious diseases in Tianshui. Methods A 4-year investigation was performed for 5-7 habitats twice a month from 2017 to 2020. The light trapping method was used to monitor adult Culex mosquitoes, and the double-layered mosquito net method was used to monitor adult Aedes mosquitoes in 3 habitats. SPSS 21.0 software was used to perform the chi-square test, Welch’s ANOVA analysis, and median test for the data of different years, habitats, and months. Results A total of 19 659 female mosquitoes were captured from 2017 to 2020, among which there were 5 759 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes (accounting for 29.29%), and there was a significant difference in the constituent ratio of different mosquito populations in the four years ( χ ²=851.227, P<0.001). The 4-year mean mosquito density was 5.81 mosquitoes/light/night, with the highest density of 17.17 mosquitoes/light/night in August, and the density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in 2017 and 2018 was significantly higher than that in 2019 and 2020, while mosquito density in July, August, and September of 2017-2018 was significantly different from that in other months ( χ ²= 12.000, P=0.035). The density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was significantly correlated with the number of Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases in the 4 years ( r=0.629, P<0.001). The highest density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was found in pigsties, i.e., 17.33 mosquitoes/light/night, while the highest density was observed in cattle sheds in 2017 and 2018 (with a high incidence rate of JE). The mean net trap index of Ae. albopictus was 4.10 mosquitoes/net/hour, and the highest net trap index was observed in August, with a significant difference in density across months ( F=207.031, P=0.001). Ae. albopictus was found in all habitats monitored for 4 consecutive years, and the highest net trap index was observed at waste sites/construction sites, with a significant difference in the net trap index between different habitats ( F=16.892, P=0.010). Conclusion Cattle sheds and pigsties are the dominant habitats of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and with the highest density in August of each year in Tianshui. Ae. albopictus is distributed in each habitat monitored in Tianshui, and waste sites/construction sites are important breeding sites for Ae. albopictus, with the peak density in July and August. It is necessary to strengthen the investigation of distribution and habitat of mosquito vector, and to control mosquito based on their ecological characteristics in Tianshui city, which could be more effectively prevent and control related mosquito-borne diseases.

Objective Animal plague survey data in Yinchuan city form 1970 to 2014 were analyzed to provide scientific guidance for the prevention and control of plague in this area. Methods The main host density of Yersinia pestis was investigated by pit clamp method. The nocturnal rodents were investigated by 5-meter or 5 meter clamp line method. The investigation of body fleas in rodents was carried out by combing their body surface. Pathogenic detection of plague was conducted by culturing rodent organs and taking liver and spleen tissue imprint. Forms were designed data of plague survey were collected, and a database was established in Yinchuan for 1970-2014. Results In Yinchuan city, area of 4 043 hm ² was sampled, 6 369 rodents were captured during 1970-2014. The annual average density of Meriones unguiculatus was 1.58/hm ² (0.10-3.34); We put 164 394 nocturnal mouse traps, and 13 572 rodents were captured, the average capture rate was 8.26% (2.17%-12.13%), and the number of nocturnal rodents changed greatly from year to year. A total of 25 038 rodents were examined and 7 000 of which carried flea on their body surface. The average flea rate was 27.96%, and the average flea index was 0.98 (0.09-2.84). In the past 44 years, 44 strains of Yersinia pestis were isolated, of which 37 were detected by animals, and 7 strains were isolated from the fleas. In total, 5 453 serum samples were detected by indirect hemagglutination method (IHA), and 15 of which were positive. Conclusion In Yinchuan, M. unguiculatus plague foci only distributed in Tonggui town and Yueyahu township. Especially M. unguiculatus and M. meridianus were predominant species in the Yueyahu town ship, Xenopsylla conformis conformis is still the predominant flea, plague natural foci will be of long existence.

Objective To establish the Ningbo city vector biology information platform based on the geographic information system (GIS). Methods According to the vector surveillance plan of Zhejiang province, the surveillance points were set up and the data were reported. Taking ArcGIS 10.2 as the foundation of the system, based on the Java integrated environment, the GIS module was set up to integrate the control platform system using ArcGIS core components. The data transfer and performance between the GIS component and the database program was achieved by the service function published by ArcGIS. Results The main function of the GIS module includes the establishment and management of the database, the statistical graph, the bidirectional query and retrieval of the graph and attributes data, and the statistical analysis of the data. Conclusion The establishment of the GIS based vector biology information platform in Ningbo city can realize the information management for vector biology, and provide scientific basis for vector-borne disease control.

Objective To improve the ability of correct classification and identification of small mammals in different kinds of nature foci of zoonosis in Liupanshan area of Ningxia. It can improve the accuracy of classification, and to explore the feasibility of DNA barcoding. Methods By trapping method, 84 small mammal samples from different habitats of Liupanshan area were collected. Sequences of COⅠ gene were amplified and sequenced from 58 of their samples. Based on these sequences, a Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree were constructed. Results According to the NJ tree, 11 clusters with high bootstrap support were found from 10 morphological species. Caryomys eva were divided in to two clusters, including C. eva and C. inez. Ochotona daurica should be O. huangensis, and Microtus oeconomus should be M. fortis according to the COⅠ genes. Conclusion These results show that DNA barcodes could be used to accurately identify specimens of small mammals. It could discover morphologically indistinguishable species and could better study the classification and evolution of rodents.

Objective In order to better grasp the Helan Mountain (Mts. Helan Shan region) Nature Reserve of small mammal animal population pattern and fauna distribution, and provide scientific basis for mice and rats transmit disease prevention of forestry department and the tourism, also provide the basic data for the study of biology of small mammals. Methods In 2012 October-2013 October on the activity peak in Helan Mountain donglu Gunzhongkou and Suyukou two region of 4 forest belt, acquisition of small mammal specimens, combined with the comprehensive arrangement of previous literature, a small mammal animal population distribution information data in the database, using Excel 2003 and animal community similarity analysis. Results The nature reserve has a total of 43 species of small mammals, belonging to 6 orders, 10 families and 32 genera. Analysis shows that, Rodentia, Cricetidae, Muridae and jerboa total 26 species, is the fundamental group of small mammals area of Helan Mountain Nature Reserve, North bellied rat (Niviventer confucianus) is the predominant species. In 43 species of small mammals in Helan mountain in the animal, 30 species of Palaearctic region, 12 species of Oriental realm, wide cloth 1. Conclusion Through the investigation, we mastered the population structure and distribution of small mammals animal in some areas in Helan Mountain Natural Reserve, but also provide the basis for further research on this area in infectious diseases.

Objective To analyze the role of self-dead rodents in monitoring the Meriones unguiculatus natural foci of plague, and to provide guidance for the surveillance and early warning of animal plague. Methods The data and information collected during 2001 to 2010 from all monitoring sites of M. unguiculatus plague foci in the counties and districts of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were analyzed. The survey of nocturnal rodents and gerbils used the 5-meter clamp method and the pit-and-clip method, respectively. Results From 2001 to 2010, a total of 8675 wild rats were captured, belonging to 5 families, 7 genera, and 15 species, with M. unguiculatus and M. libycus being the predominant species. There were four annual animal plague epidemics within the 10-year period. The detection rate of bacteria in self-dead rodents was 61.54%, compared with 2.31/10 000 in the captured rodents. The database of M. unguiculatus plague foci in Ningxia from 2001 to 2010 was established based on those information. Conclusion Emergence of self-dead rodents in M. unguiculatus plague foci is an early sign of animal plague epidemic.

Objective To analyze the role of self-dead rodents in monitoring the Meriones unguiculatus natural foci of plague, and to provide guidance for the surveillance and early warning of animal plague. Methods The data and information collected during 2001 to 2010 from all monitoring sites of M. unguiculatus plague foci in the counties and districts of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were analyzed. The survey of nocturnal rodents and gerbils used the 5-meter clamp method and the pit-and-clip method, respectively. Results From 2001 to 2010, a total of 8675 wild rats were captured, belonging to 5 families, 7 genera, and 15 species, with M. unguiculatus and M. libycus being the predominant species. There were four annual animal plague epidemics within the 10-year period. The detection rate of bacteria in self-dead rodents was 61.54%, compared with 2.31/10 000 in the captured rodents. The database of M. unguiculatus plague foci in Ningxia from 2001 to 2010 was established based on those information. Conclusion Emergence of self-dead rodents in M. unguiculatus plague foci is an early sign of animal plague epidemic.

This paper first analyzes the epidemic characteristics of zoonotic plague in foci with respect to the epizootic activity of plague natural foci in China and then reviews the progress in research on plague natural foci, including hidden state of foci and changes in zoonotic plague epidemic situation caused by Yersinia pestis mutation, from the perspective of natural focal disease. This paper proposes the intervention measures for plague natural foci in the densely populated area, e.g., eliminating plague natural foci through comprehensive prevention and control means in the following steps: relative isolation, basic stabilization and control, long-term resting, gradual decrease in area, and elimination.

Objective To investigate the application of interventional rodent control for monitoring and early warning in the natural foci of Meriones unguiculatus plague. Methods The population density of M. unguiculatus was monitored by 24 hour arch trap method and was predicted using the classic quantitative prediction formula for animals, and early warning was made in consideration of the local conditions. The anticoagulant brodifacoum was used as a rodenticide, and the poison bait with a brodifacoum concentration of 0.008% was put at the gerbil holes. Results On average, 10 kg of poison bait was applied per hectare; 14 days later, over 99% of gerbils were killed, and the mean population density of M. unguiculatus was decreased from 31 gerbils/hm2 to 0.25 gerbils/hm2. Conclusion In the high - risk areas of the natural foci of M. unguiculatus plague, the interventional rodent control measures using brodifacoum can effectively decrease the population density of main plague host, inhibiting the risk factors for plague outbreak among animals.

This study presents an overview of the current situation of the natural foci of plague in China and the research progress of genotyping of Yersinia pestis, as well as the impact on plague epidemiology  by the present socio?economic development and changes in the ecological environment in China. Corresponding prevention and control measures are proposed.

【Abstract】 Objective To discuss the influence factors of mice?to?mice plague in Yanchi county of Ningxia. Methods The density of field mouse was investigated by stratified sampling method. The mice were dissected and the viscera were taken out to do etiology examination by pressing culture method. The fleas collected were separated randomly into groups to do bacteriological analysis. Results During 2002-2006, the monitoring areas of Meriones unguiculatus plague accounted for 15.93% of total foci areas in Yanchi county. The average density of M.unguiculatus was 11.02/ hm2, and the infection rate of flea and the flea index were 34.17% and 0.85, respectively. Three indexes mentioned above were the highest in 2005 and 2006. There were 4633 field mice captured during 5 years, which belonged to 8 species 6 genus 4 family.  Sixty eight strains of Yersinia pestis were isolated including 57 strains from 3523 mice and 11 strains from 2393 fleas (about 380 groups). Conclusion M.unguiculatus and M.meridianus are the dominant species. Dipus sagitta, D.sibirica, Cricetulus barabensis and Phoodopus roborovskii are common species, and Cricetulus migratorius and Spermophilus dauricus are the rare species. The outbreak of mice plague has the positive correlation with mice density, infection rate of flea to mice and flea index. The projects about returning farmland to forests and pastures and forbidding grazing periodically increase the outbreak frequency and risk of mice?to?mice plague in the short time in Yanchi county.

【Abstract】 Objective To understand the population composition of rat?shape rodents in Guangdong province and its breeding in different seasons, and to provide the theoretical basis for the control of rodents. Methods Rodents were caught daily by snap trap method in township sampled randomly monthly. The rodents captured were identified and dissected, recording the pregnancy situation. Results The trapping rate of rat?shape rodents was 9.98% in the residential areas, including 4.98% of rats. It included 48.73% Rattus norvegicus, 15.50% R.tanezumi mice, 35.17%Suncus murinus and 0.59% Mus musculus. The average pregnancy rate of R.norvegicus was 4.06% and the average litter size was 5.35. The average pregnancy rate of R.tanezumi was 5.63%  and  the  average  litter  size  was  2.76.  That  of  Suncus  murinus  was  15.00%  and  its  litter size was 3.32. Conclusion R.norvegicus and Suncus murinus are the dominant species in the residential areas in township. M.musculus is the rare specie. The breeding seasons of R.norvegicus and R.tanezumi are in spring and autumn, and the breeding peak in spring is higher than that in the autumn. It has also a small reproduction peak in August. However, Suncus murinus can breed all year round, and there are also two peaks. One peak is in March?June, the other is in October?November. It should strengthen the killing of rodents in spring and autumn.

Objective To study the killing efficiency of one million MLD/ml Type-C Botulinum lyophilized preparation to Ochotona curzoniae. Methods Five plots was selected to test and each area was 3 hm ². 0.1% wheat baits were put in two plots randomly, other two-plot for 0.15% and the last one for aqueous agent. Besides, the control was 0.25 hm ². Results The density of O.curzoniae was 1071.4 holes/hm ² before treatment. The killing efficiency of 0.1% wheat baits and 0.15% wheat baits were 96.7% and 97.4% after treatment for six days, respectively. However, the killing efficiency was also 97.7% in the control plots. It showed that there was no significant difference among them. During the test, there were no no-target animals to be poisoned in test plots and within 500 m of it. It indicated that Type-C Botulinum was safe to some degree, but the safety of the chemicals was still further validated in the long run. Conclusion There is no significant difference between botulinum lyophilized preparation and the same titer aqueous botulinum.

Objective Study on the control ratios of rodents' parasitic flea and ground free flea after resort spraying on the ground in the focus of house mice plague.Methods After diluted the liquid with water(1∶160) 5% Fendona was resort sprayed on the indoor and the outdoor(80 ml/m ²) according to per house 100 g the powder,especially on the foot of a wall,the kennel,the holes and traces of rodents(150-180 ml/m ²).Through counted control ratios with the indices of rodents' parasitic flea and the ground free flea before the application and after the application.Results The control ratios of rodents parasitic flea and ground free flea are 33.54% and 71.39% respectively.Conclusion On-the-spot the control ratios of rodents' parasitic flea is very limited,but the rural sanitation is key to the question.

Objective To study the dynamic changes of murine-like-animal community in Zhanjiang,Guangdong from 1950 to 2000. Methods Data of plague surveillance in Zhanjiang during the past 50 years were collected and sorted out to describe and analyze the changes of murine-like-animal community by year. Results A total of 237 831 murine-like-animals were captured and identified,including 11 species of three genera in two orders. Totally,157 412 murine-like-animals in four species of three genera were captured domestically,with Rattus flavipectus as dominant species,accounting for 68% of the total,and Suncus murinus and Rattus norvegicus as common species,accounting for 25% and 6%,respectively. A total of 80 419 wild murine-like-animals in eight species of two genera in two orders were captured,with R.losea and Bandicoot indicia as dominant species,accounting for 80% and 18% of the total,respectively,and R.rattus hainanicus and Suncus murinus as common species. Conclusion In domestic rats of urban areas, R.flavipectus had been replaced by R.norvegicus which had become a dominant species there,but in rural areas, R.flavipectus was still the dominant species. Among wild rodents,population of R.losea reduced yearly,but that of Bandicota indica increased yearly.

Objective To study the community structure of the small mammals and the fleas in Xingning,Guangdong. Methods The small mammals were captured by trap in different habitats in spring in 2004,then parasitic fleas of them were colletced and indentified under microscope. Results A total of 1 062 small mammals were captured and identified,which belong to 9 species of 2 families,2 orders. Seven species of the small mammals were captured in the field,of which Bandicota indica and Rattus losea were the dominant species with constituent ratio 45.71% and 18.57% respectively. Four species of the small mammals were captured in the indoor,of which the dominant species were R.norvegicus and R.flavipectus with constituent ratio 55.14% and 41.03%,respectively. A total of 135 the parastitic fleas were picked up and identified from small mammal,which belonged to 6 species. Leptopsylla segenis and Xenopsylla cheopis were the dominant species. Conclusion The species of rodents was abundant in the wild habitats while that in indoor habitats was simple. But flea infected rate and index in indoor rodents were high.